Renaissance Comparison Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Renaissance Comparison - Essay Example Although the very term renascence was brought into currency in the 19th century by the Swiss historian Jacob Burckhardt, the origins of this movement could be traced as earlier as the beginning of the 14th century. Actually the European Renaissance began in Central Italy, namely in Tuscany centering in the cities of Siena and Florence. This movement had further a considerable impact in the city of Venice where the remains of ancient Roman and Greek cultures had been brought together and provided Renaissance humanist scholars with new texts. Consequently the Renaissance had a significant impact on Rome, which was decorated with numerous structures in the new mode of all’antico, later was rebuilt by sixteenth-century humanist popes. The Italian Renaissance reached its peak in the mid-16th century as the country began to be permanently invaded by various foreign armies. Nevertheless, the ideals and ideas of the Italian Renaissance survived these calamities and even spread into th e rest of European countries, initiating the English Renaissance and Northern Renaissance as a whole. To define the Renaissance in the northern part of the continent the term Northern Renaissance is used. Furthermore this term often refers to the Renaissance in the countries of Old World outside Italy.

A sole trading business in Western region Assignment

A sole trading business in Western region - Assignment Example A sole trading business in Western region This international buying and selling of flowers by the sole trading business would be able to take advantage of the several measures taken by the government in improving the performance of the flower industry of UAE. The sole trading business under the name of Florist Fragrance would be in an advantageous position as they would be able to gain from the benefits of the innovative logistics centre set up for the trading of flowers. This would help the sole trading business to deliver the orders of their flower products to the international markets with less time and high quality of flowers with customized fragrance for their customers especially in the western markets. The business of sole trading under the name of Florist Fragrance would face specific disadvantages due to the product chosen for the international buying and selling in the western markets. Despite the resources and facilities available in the flower industry for quick delivery of the flower and the accessory products, the international business faces the disadvantage due to the high volume of cost to be incurred for restoration of the quality and fragrance of the flowers to be delivered to the customers. The flowers are considered to be perishable items which have a fixed span of life beyond which the products perish. The sole trading business are thus required to ensure that the flower goods and the orders of the customers reach them in the overseas market in the proper condition as delivered during the point of sale.

Translation Technique by Molina and Albir Essay Example for Free

Translation Technique by Molina and Albir Essay Cet article a pour objectif de cerner la notion de technique de traduction entendue comme un des instruments d’analyse textuelle qui permet d’etudier le fonctionnement de l’equivalence par rapport a l’original. Nous rappelons tout d’abord les differentes definitions et classifications qui ont ete proposees ainsi que les confusions terminologiques, conceptuelles et de classification qui en ont decoule. Nous donnons ensuite notre definition de la technique de traduction en la differenciant de la methode et de la strategie de traduction et proposons une approche dynamique et fonctionnelle de celleci. Pour terminer, nous definissons chacune des diverses techniques de traduction existantes et en presentons une nouvelle classification. Cette proposition a ete appliquee dans le cadre d’une recherche sur la traduction des elements culturels dans les traductions en arabe de Cent ans de solitude de Garcia Marquez. ABSTRACT The aim of this article is to clarify the notion of translation technique, understood as an instrument of textual analysis that, in combination with other instruments, allows us to study how translation equivalence works in relation to the original text. First, existing definitions and classifications of translation techniques are reviewed and terminological, conceptual and classification confusions are pointed out. Secondly, translation techniques are redefined, distinguishing them from translation method and translation strategies. The definition is dynamic and functional. Finally, we present a classification of translation techniques that has been tested in a study of the translation of cultural elements in Arabic translations of A Hundred Years of Solitude by Garcia Marquez. MOTS-CLES/KEYWORDS translation technique, translation method, translation strategy, translation equivalence, functionalism 1. TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES AS TOOL FOR ANALYSIS: THE EXISTING CONFUSIONS The categories used to analyze translations allow us to study the way translation works. These categories are related to text, context and process. Textual categories describe mechanisms of coherence, cohesion and thematic progression. Contextual categories introduce all the extra-textual elements related to the context of source text and translation production. Process categories are designed to answer two basic questions. Which option has the translator chosen to carry out the translation project, i. e. , which method has been chosen? How has the translator solved the problems that have emerged during the translation process, i. e. , which strategies have been chosen? However, research (or teaching) requirements may make it important to consider textual micro-units as well, that is to say, how the result of the translation Meta, XLVII, 4, 2002 01. Meta 47/4. Partie 1 498 11/21/02, 2:15 PM translation techniques revisited 499 functions in relation to the corresponding unit in the source text. To do this we need translation techniques. We were made aware of this need in a study of the treatment of cultural elements in Arabic translations of A Hundred Years of Solitude1. Textual and contextual categories were not sufficient to identify, classify and name the options chosen by the translators for each unit studied. We needed the category of translation techniques that allowed us to describe the actual steps taken by the translators in each textual micro-unit and obtain clear data about the general methodological option chosen. However, there is some disagreement amongst translation scholars about translation techniques. This disagreement is not only terminological but also conceptual. There is even a lack of consensus as to what name to give to call the categories, different labels are used (procedures, techniques, strategies) and sometimes they are confused with other concepts. Furthermore, different classifications have been proposed and the terms often overlap. This article presents the definition and classification of translation techniques that we used in our study of the treatment of cultural elements in Arabic translations of A Hundred Years of Solitude. We also present a critical review of earlier definitions and classifications of translation techniques. 2. THE DIFFERENT APPROACHES TO CLASSIFYING TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES 2. 1. Translation Technical Procedures in the Compared Stylistics. Vinay and Darbelnet’s pioneer work Stylistique comparee du francais et de l’anglais (SCFA) (1958) was the first classification of translation techniques that had a clear methodological purpose. The term they used was ‘procedes techniques de la traduction. ’ They defined seven basic procedures operating on three levels of style: lexis, distribution (morphology and syntax) and message. The procedures were classified as direct (or literal) or oblique, to coincide with their distinction between direct (or literal) and oblique translation. Literal translation occurs when there is an exact structural, lexical, even morphological equivalence between two languages. According to the authors, this is only possible when the two languages are very close to each other. The literal translation procedures are: †¢ †¢ †¢ Borrowing. A word taken directly from another language, e. g. , the English word bulldozer has been incorporated directly into other languages. Calque. A foreign word or phrase translated and incorporated into another language, e. g. , fin de semaine from the English weekend. Literal translation. Word for word translation, e. g. , The ink is on the table and L’encre est sur la table. Oblique translation occurs when word for word translation is impossible. The oblique translation procedures are: †¢ †¢ 01. Meta 47/4. Partie 1 Transposition. A shift of word class, i. e. , verb for noun, noun for preposition e. g. , Expediteur and From. When there is a shift between two signifiers, it is called crossed transposition, e. g. , He limped across the street and Il a traverse la rue en boitant. Modulation. A shift in point of view. Whereas transposition is a shift between grammatical categories, modulation is a shift in cognitive categories. Vinay and Darbelnet 499 11/21/02, 2:15 PM 500 Meta, XLVII, 4, 2002 †¢ †¢ postulate eleven types of modulation: abstract for concrete, cause for effect, means for result, a part for the whole, geographical change, etc. , e. g. , the geographical modulation between encre de Chine and Indian ink. Intravaia and Scavee (1979) studied this procedure in depth and reached the conclusion that it is qualitatively different from the others and that the others can be included within it. Equivalence. This accounts for the same situation using a completely different phrase, e. g. , the translation of proverbs or idiomatic expressions like, Comme un chien dans un jeu de quilles and Like a bull in a china shop. Adaptation. A shift in cultural environment, i. e. , to express the message using a different situation, e. g. cycling for the French, cricket for the English and baseball for the Americans. These seven basic procedures are complemented by other procedures. Except for the procedures of compensation and inversion, they are all classified as opposing pairs. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ 01. Meta 47/4. Partie 1 Compensation. An item of information, or a stylistic effect from the ST that cannot be reproduced in the same place in the TT is introduced elsewhere in the TT, e. g. , the French translation of I was seeking thee, Flathead. from the Jungle Book Kipling used the archaic thee, instead of you, to express respect, but none of the equivalent French pronoun forms (tu, te, toi) have an archaic equivalent, so the translator expressed the same feeling by using the vocative, O, in another part of the sentence: En verite, c’est bien toi que je cherche, O Tete-Plate. Concentration vs. Dissolution. Concentration expresses a signified from the SL with fewer signifiers in the TL. Dissolution expresses a signified from the SL with more signifiers in the TL, e. g. , archery is a dissolution of the French tir a l’arc. Amplification vs. Economy. These procedures are similar to concentration and dissolution. Amplification occurs when the TL uses more signifiers to cover syntactic or lexical gaps. According to Vinay and Darbelnet, dissolution is a question of langue and adaptation of parole, e. g. , He talked himself out of a job and Il a perdu sa chance pour avoir trop parle. The opposite procedure is economy, e. g., We’ll price ourselves out of the market and Nous ne pourrons plus vendre si nous sommes trop exigeants. Reinforcement vs. Condensation. These are variations of amplification and economy that are characteristic of French and English, e. g. , English prepositions or conjunctions that need to be reinforced in French by a noun or a verb: To the station and Entree de la gare; Shall I phone for a cab? and Voulez-vous que je telephone pour faire venir une voiture? Mallblanc (1968) changed Vinay and Darbelnet’s reinforcement for over-characterization, because he found it was more appropriate for the traits of French and German. He pointed out that German prepositions, such as, in can be translated into French as dans le creux de, dans le fond de, or, dans le sein de. Explicitation vs. Implicitation. Explicitation is to introduce information from the ST that is implicit from the context or the situation, e. g. , to make explicit the patient’s sex when translating his patient into French. Implicitation is to allow the situation to indicate information that is explicit in the ST, e. g. , the meaning of sortez as go out or come out depends on the situation. Generalization vs. Particularization. Generalization is to translate a term for a more general one, whereas, particularization is the opposite, e. g. , the English translation of guichet, fenetre or devanture by window is a generalization. Inversion. This is to move a word or a phrase to another place in a sentence or a paragraph so that it reads naturally in the target language, e. g. , Pack separately †¦ for convenient inspection and Pour faciliter la visite de la douane mettre a part †¦. 500 11/21/02, 2:15 PM translation techniques revisited 501 Table 1 Vinay and Darbelnet’s translation procedures Borrowing Bulldozer (E) ? Bulldozer (F) Calque Fin de semaine (F) ? Week-end (E) Literal translation L’encre est sur la table (F) ? The ink is on the table (E) Transposition Defense de fumer (F) ? No smoking (E) Crossed transposition He limped across the street (E) ? Il a traverse la rue en boitant (F) Modulation Encre de Chien (F) ? Indian Ink (E) Equivalence Comme un chien dans un jeu de quilles (F) ? Like a bull in a china shop (E) Adaptation Cyclisme (F) ? Cricket (E) ? Baseball (U. S) Compensation I was seeking thee, Flathead (E) ? En verite, c’est bien toi que je cherche, O Tete-Plate (F) Dissolution Tir a l’arc (F) ? Archery (E) Concentration Archery (E) ? Tir a l’arc (F) Amplification He talked himself out of a job (E) ? Il a perdu sa chance pour avoir trop parle (F) Economy Nous ne pourrons plus vendre si nous sommes trop exigeants (F) ? We’ll price ourselves out of the market (E) Reinforcement Shall I phone for a cab? (E) ? Voulez-vous que je telephone pour faire venir une voiture? (F) Condensation Entree de la garde (F) ? To the station (E) Explicitation His patient (E) ? Son patient / Son patiente (F) Implicitation Go out/ Come out (E) ? Sortez (F) Generalization Guichet, fenetre, devanture (F) ? Window (E) Particularization Window (E) ? Guichet, fenetre, devanture (F) Articularization. In all this immense variety of conditions,†¦ (E) ? Et cependant, malgre la diversite des conditions,†¦ (F) Juxtaposition Et cependant, malgre la diversite des conditions,†¦ (F) ? In all this immense variety of conditions,†¦ (E) Grammaticalization A man in a blue suit (E) ? Un homme vetu de blue (F) Lexicalization Un homme vetu de blue (F) ? A man in a blue suit (E) Inversion Pack separately [†¦] for convenient inspection (E) ? Pour faciliter la visite de la douane mettre a part [†¦] (F) 2. 2. The Bible translators From their study of biblical translation, Nida, Taber and Margot concentrate on questions related to cultural transfer. They propose several categories to be used 01. Meta 47/4. Partie 1 501 11/21/02, 2:15 PM 502 Meta, XLVII, 4, 2002 when no equivalence exists in the target language: adjustment techniques, essential distinction, explicative paraphrasing, redundancy and naturalization. 2. 2. 1. Techniques of adjustment Nida (1964) proposes three types: additions, subtractions and alterations. They are used: 1) to adjust the form of the message to the characteristics of the structure of the target language; 2) to produce semantically equivalent structures; 3) to generate appropriate stylistic equivalences; 4) to produce an equivalent communicative effect. †¢ †¢ †¢ Additions. Several of the SCFA procedures are included in this category. Nida lists different circumstances that might oblige a translator to make an addition: to clarify an elliptic expression, to avoid ambiguity in the target language, to change a grammatical category (this corresponds to SCFA’s transposition), to amplify implicit elements (this corresponds to SCFA’s explicitation), to add connectors (this corresponds to SCFA’s articulation required by characteristics of the TL, etc. ). Examples are as follows. When translating from St Paul’s Epistles, it is appropriate to add the verb write in several places, even though it is not in the source text; a literal translation of they tell him of her (Mark I:30) into Mazatec would have to be amplified to the people there told Jesus about the woman, otherwise, as this language makes no distinctions of number and gender of pronominal affixes it could have thirty-six different interpretations; He went up to Jerusalem. There he taught the people some languages require the equivalent of He went up to Jerusalem. Having arrived there, he taught the people. Subtractions. Nida lists four situations where the translator should use this procedure, in addition to when it is required by the TL: unnecessary repetition, specified references, conjunctions and adverbs. For example, the name of God appears thirty-two times in the thirty-one verses of Genesis. Nida suggests using pronouns or omitting God. Alterations. These changes have to be made because of incompatibilities between the two languages. There are three main types. 1) Changes due to problems caused by transliteration when a new word is introduced from the source language, e. g., the transliteration of Messiah in the Loma language, means death’s hand, so it was altered to Mezaya. 2) Changes due to structural differences between the two languages, e. g. , changes in word order, grammatical categories, etc. (similar to SCFA’s transposition). 3) Changes due to semantic misfits, especially with idiomatic expressions. One of the suggestions to solve this kind of problem is the use of a descriptive equivalent i. e. , a satisfactory equivalent for objects, events or attributes that do not have a standard term in the TL. It is used for objects that are unknown in the target culture (e. g., in Maya the house where the law was read for Synagogue) and for actions that do not have a lexical equivalent (e. g. , in Maya desire what another man has for covetousness, etc. ) Nida includes footnotes as another adjustment technique and points out that they have two main functions: 1) To correct linguistic and cultural differences, e. g. , to explain contradictory customs, to identify unknown geographical or physical items, to give equivalents for weights and measures, to explain word play, to add information about proper names, etc. ; 2) To add additional information about the historical and cultural context of the text in question. 01. Meta 47/4. Partie 1 502 11/21/02, 2:15 PM translation techniques revisited 503 2. 2. 2. The essential differences Margot (1979) presents three criteria used to justify cultural adaptation. He refers to them as the essential differences. 1) 2) 3) Items that are unknown by the target culture. He suggests adding a classifier next to the word (as Nida does), e. g. , the city of Jerusalem or, by using a cultural equivalent (similar to the SCFA procedure of adaptation), e. g. , in Jesus’ parable (Matthew 7:16) to change grapes / thorn bushes and figs / thistles for other plants that are more common in the target culture. However, he warns the reader that this procedure is not always possible. Taber y Nida (1974) list five factors that have to be taken into account when it is used: a) the symbolic and theological importance of the item in question, b) its fequency of use in the Bible, c) its semantic relationship with other words, d) similarities of function and form between the two items, e) the reader’s emotional response. The historical framework. Here Margot proposes a linguistic rather than a cultural translation, on the grounds that historical events cannot be modified. Adaptation to the specific situation of the target audience. Margot maintains that the translator’s task is to translate and that it is up to preachers, commentarists and Bible study groups to adapt the biblical text to the specific situation of the target audience. He includes footnotes as an aid to cultural adaptation. 2. 2. 3. The explicative paraphrase Nida, Taber and Margot coincide in distinguishing between legitimate and illegitimate paraphrasing. The legitimate paraphrase is a lexical change that makes the TT longer than the ST but does not change the meaning (similar to the SCFA amplification / dissolution. The illegitimate paraphrase makes ST items explicit in the TT. Nida, Taber and Margot agree this is not the translator’s job as it may introduce subjectivity. 2. 2. 4. The concept of redundancy According to Margot (1979), redundancy tries to achieve symmetry between ST readers and TT readers. This is done either by adding information (grammatical, syntactic and stylistic elements, etc. ) when differences between the two languages and cultures make a similar reception impossible for the TT readers, or by suppressing information when ST elements are redundant for the TT readers, e. g. , the Hebrew expression, answering, said that is redundant in some other languages. This procedure is very close to SCFA’s implicitation / explicitation. 2. 2. 5. The concept of naturalization This concept was introduced by Nida (1964) after using the term natural to define dynamic equivalence (the closest natural equivalent to the source language message). Nida claims that naturalization can be achieved by taking into account: 1) the source language and culture understood as a whole; 2) the cultural context of the message; 3) the target audience. This procedure is very close to SCFA’s adaptation. 01. Meta 47/4. Partie 1 503 11/21/02, 2:15 PM 504 Meta, XLVII, 4, 2002 Table 2. The Bible translators’ proposals Classifier The city of Jerusalem Alteration Messiah (E) ? Mezaya (Loma) Cultural equivalent grapes / thorn bushes and figs / thistles ? other plants that are more common in the target culture Equivalent description Synagogue ? The house where the law was read (Maya) Footnotes 2. 3. Vazquez Ayora’s technical procedures Vazquez Ayora (1977) uses the term operative technical procedures, although he sometimes refers to them as the translation method. He combines the SCFA prescriptive approach with the Bible translators, descriptive approach and introduces some new procedures: †¢ †¢ Omission. This is to omit redundancy and repetition that is characteristic of the SL, e. g. , to translate The committee has failed to act by La comision no actuo, omitting the verb to fail and avoiding over-translation: La comision dejo de actuar. Desplacement and Inversion. Displacement corresponds to SCFA’s inversion, where two elements change position, e. g. , The phone rang and Sono el telefono. Table 3 Vazquez Ayora’s contribution Omission The committee has failed to act (E) ? La comision no actuo (Sp) Inversion The phone rang (E) ? Sono el telefono (Sp) 2. 4. Delisle’s contribution. Delisle (1993) introduces some variations to the SCFA procedures and maintains the term procedure for Vinay and Darbelnet’s proposals. However, for some other categories of his own, he introduces a different terminology, e. g. , translation strategies, translation errors, operations in the cognitive process of translating†¦ He lists several of these categories as contrasting pairs. In his review of Vinay and Darbelnet, he proposes simplifying the SCFA dichotomies of reinforcement/condensation and amplification/economy and he reduces them to a single pair, reinforcement/economy. Reinforcement is to use more words in the TT than the ST to express the same idea. He distinguishes three types of reinforcement: 1) dissolution; 2) explicitation (these two correspond to their SCFA homonyms); and 3) periphrasis (this corresponds to SCFA’s amplification). Economy is to use fewer words in the TT than the ST to express the same idea. He distinguishes three types of economy: 1) concentration; 2) implicitation (these two correspond to their SCFA homonyms and are in contrast to dissolution and explicitation); and concision (this corresponds to SCFA’s economy and is in contrast to periphrasis). 01. Meta 47/4. Partie 1 504. 11/21/02, 2:15 PM translation techniques revisited 505 The other categories Delisle introduces are: †¢ †¢ †¢ Addition vs. Omission. He defines them as unjustified periphrasis and concision and considers them to be translation errors. Addition is to introduce unjustified stylistic elements and information that are not in the ST, omission is the unjustifiable suppression of elements in the ST. Paraphrase. This is defined as excessive use of paraphrase that complicates the TT without stylistic or rhetorical justification. It is also classified as a translation error. Delisle’s paraphrase and addition coincide with Margot’s illegitimate paraphrase. Discursive creation. This is an operation in the cognitive process of translating by which a non-lexical equivalence is established that only works in context, e. g. , In the world of literature, ideas become cross-fertilized, the experience of others can be usefully employed to mutual benefit is translated into French as, Dans le domaine des lettres, le choc des idees se revele fecond; il devient possible de profiter de l’experience d’autrui. This concept is close to Nida’s alterations caused by semantic incompatibilities and transliteration. Table 4 Delisle’s contributions Dissolution Reinforcement Explicitation Periphrasis (+) Addition (–) Paraphrase (–) Concentration Economy Implicitation Concession (+) Discursive creation Omission (–) Ideas become cross-fertilized (E) ? Le choc des idees se revele fecond (F) 2. 5. Newmark’s procedures Newmark (1988) also uses the term procedures to classify the proposals made by the comparative linguists and by the Bible translators, as well as some of his own. These are: †¢ †¢ †¢ 01. Meta 47/4. Partie 1 Recognized translation. This is the the translation of a term that is already official or widely accepted, even though it may not be the most adequate, e. g., Gay-Lussac’s Volumengesetz der Gase and Law of combining volumes. Functional equivalent. This is to use a culturally neutral word and to add a specifying term, e. g. , baccalaureat = French secondary school leaving exam; Sejm = Polish parliament. It is very similar to Margot’s cultural equivalent, and in the SCFA terminology it would be an adaptation (secondary school leaving exam / parliament) with an explicitation (French/ Polish). Naturalization. Newmark’s definition is not the same as Nida’s. For Nida, it comes from transfer (SCFA’s borrowing) and consists of adapting a SL word to the phonetic and morphological norms of the TL, e.g. , the German word Performanz and the English performance. 505 11/21/02, 2:15 PM 506 Meta, XLVII, 4, 2002. Translation label. This is a provisional translation, usually of a new term, and a literal translation could be acceptable, e. g. , Erbschaftssprache or langue d’heritage from the English heritage language. Newmark includes the option of solving a problem by combining two or more procedures (he called these solutions doubles, triples or quadruples). Newmark also adds synonymy as another category. Table 5 Newmark’s procedures Recognized translation Volumengesetz der Gase (G) ? Law of combining volumes (E). Functional equivalent Baccalaureat (F) ? Baccalaureat, secondary school leaving exam (E) Naturalization Performance (E) ? Performanz (G) Translation label Heritage language (E) ? Langue d’heritage (F) 3. CRITICAL REVIEW OF TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES As we have seen, there is no general agreement about this instrument of analysis and there is confusion about terminology, concepts and classification. The most serious confusions are the following. 3. 1. Terminological confusion and over-lapping terms Terminological diversity and the overlapping of terms make it difficult to use these terms and to be understood. The same concept is expressed with different names and the classifications vary, covering different areas of problems. In one classification one term may over-lap another in a different system of classification. The category itself is given different names, for example, Delisle uses procedure, translation strategy, etc. 3. 2. The confusion between translation process and translation result This confusion was established by Vinay y Darbelnet’s pioneer proposal, when they presented the procedures as a description of the ways open to the translator in the translation process. Nevertheless, the procedures, as they are presented in the SCFA do not refer to the process followed by the translator, but to the final result. The confusion has persisted and translation techniques have been confused with other translation categories: method and strategies. In some of the proposals there is a conceptual confusion between techniques and translation method. Vinay y Darbelnet introduced the confusion by dividing the procedures following the traditional methodological dichotomy between literal and free translation. As they worked with isolated units they did not distinguish between categories that affect the whole text and categories that refer to small units. Furthermore, the subtitle of their book, Methode de traduction, caused even more confusion. In our opinion (see 4. 1. ), a distinction should bemade between translation method, that is part of the process, a global choice that affects the whole translation, and translation techniques that describe the result and affect smaller sections of the translation. 01. Meta 47/4. Partie 1 506 11/21/02, 2:15 PM translation techniques revisited 507 The SCFA use of the term procedures created confusion wirh another category related to the process: translation strategies. Procedures are related to the distinction between declarative knowledge (what you know) and procedural or operative knowledge (know-how) (Anderson 1983). Procedures are an important part of procedural knowledge, they are related to knowing how to do something, the ability to organise actions to reach a specific goal (Pozo, Gonzalo and Postigo 1993). Procedures include the use of simple techniques and skills, as well as expert use of strategies (Pozo y Postigo 1993). Strategies are an essential element in problem solving. Therefore, in relation to solving translation problems, we think a distinction should be made between techniques and strategies. Techniques describe the result obtained and can be used to classify different types of translation solutions. Strategies are related to the mechanisms used by translators throughout the the whole translation process to find a solution to the problems they find. The technical procedures (the name itself is ambiguous) affect the results and not the process, so they should be distinguished from strategies. We propose they should be called translation techniques. 3. 3. The confusion between issues related to language pairs and text pairs Vinay y Darbelnet’s original proposal also led to a confusion between language problems and text problems. Their work was based on comparative linguistics and all the examples used to illustrate their procedures were decontextualized. In addition, because they gave a single translation for each linguistic item, the result was pairs of fixed equivalences. This led to a confusion between comparative linguistic phenomena (and the categories needed to analyse their similarities and differences) and phenomena related to translating texts (that need other categories). The use of translation techniques following the SCFA approach is limited to the classification of differences between language systems, not the textual solutions needed for translation. For example, SCFA’s borrowing, transposition and inversion, or, Vazquez Ayora’s omission, should not be considered as translation techniques. They are not a textual option open to the translator, but an obligation imposed by the characteristics of the language pair. 4. A DEFINITION OF TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES Our proposal is based on two premises: 1) the need to distinguish between method, strategy and technique; 2) the need for an dynamic and functional concept of translation techniques. 4. 1. The need to distinguish between method, strategy and technique We think that translation method, strategies and techniques are essentially different categories. (Hurtado 1996). 4. 1. 1. Translation method and translation techniques. Translation method refers to the way a particular translation process is carried out in terms of the translator’s objective, i. e. , a global option that affects the whole text. There are several translation methods that may be chosen, depending on the aim of 01. Meta 47/4. Partie 1 507 11/21/02, 2:15 PM 508 Meta, XLVII, 4, 2002 the translation: interpretative-communicative (translation of the sense), literal (linguistic transcodification), free (modification of semiotic and communicative categories) and philological (academic or critical translation) (see Hurtado Albir 1999: 32). Each solution the translator chooses when translating a text responds to the global option that affects the whole text (the translation method) and depends on the aim of the translation. The translation method affects the way micro-units of the text are translated: the translation techniques. Thus, we should distinguish between the method chosen by the translator, e. g. , literal or adaptation, that affects the whole text, and the translation techniques, e. g. , literal translation or adaptation, that affect microunits of the text. Logically, method and functions should function harmoniously in the text. For example, if the aim of a translation method is to produce a foreignising version, then borrowing will be one of the most frequently used translation techniques. (Cf. This has been shown in Molina (1998), where she analyses the three translations into Arabic of Garcia Marquez’s A Hundred Years of Solitude. Each translation had adopted a different translation method, and the techniques were studied in relation to the method chosen). 4. 1. 2. Translation strategy and translation techniques Whatever method is chosen, the translator may encounter problems in the translation process, either because of a particularly difficult unit, or because there may be a gap in the translator’s knowledge or skills. This is when translation strategies are activated. Strategies are the procedures (conscious or unconscious, verbal or nonverbal) used by the translator to solve problems that emerge when carrying out the translation process with a particular objective in mind (Hurtado Albir 1996, 1999). Translators use strategies for comprehension (e. g. , distinguish main and secondary ideas, establish conceptual relationships, search for information) and for reformulation (e. g. , paraphrase, retranslate, say out loud, avoid words that are close to the original). Because strategies play an essential role in problem solving, they are a central part of the subcompetencies that make up translation competence. Strategies open the way to finding a suitable solution for a translation unit. The solution will be materialized by using a particular techniqu.

Agra: A World Famous Tourist Spot

Agra: A World Famous Tourist Spot Tourists and history lovers have endless love for Agra for its exceptional buildings and monuments. Agra is also a prominent pilgrimage center due to the presence of several religious places. Temples, mosques and other structural wonders in Agra provides religious and spiritual feelings for the visitors. Presence of numerous tombs, stones and graveyards dedicated to well known religious leaders are famous in the land of Agra.Mariams tomb the tomb of Mariam, wife of great Mughal Emperor Akbar is also present here. The secular lookout of the city is depicted in several famous places of worship for both the Muslims and the Hindus like the Jama Masjid and the Mankameshwar temple. The Guru Ka Taal located at Agra is a large tank with beautiful towers erected around it. The Jama Masjid and Moti Masjid located at Agra built by the great Mughal emperor Shahjahan are excellent examples of the splendid Mughal architecture. JAIPUR The Pink Cityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. The glistening Jaipur also known as the the Pink City was founded by and named after Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh II. The royal Rajput heritage is clearly visible in the imposing forts and impressive palaces of Jaipur attract tourists from all over the world. Jaipur is a land of natural beauty and great history. The warm hospitality of people and ofcourse a plethora of colourful handicrafts drags the visitors to this magnificent land. In addition to that Jaipur hosts several festivals from the modern Jaipur Literary festival to the traditional Gangaur, Teej and the Kite festival glorifying its image. The City Palace Complex is abundant with a rare combination of the finest blends of Rajasthani and Mughal architecture and is one of the most magnificent marvels in Jaipur. The vast area right in the heart of the old city is indeed a remarkable sight. Several buildings, huge courtyards and well-planned gardens make this complex a beauty. The Maharaja Sawai Man Singh II Museum includes the mahal comes before the main complex. A long series of royal costumes like embroideries, shawls, Benares silk sarees, the maharajas pyjamas, kamarbands, chogas, jamawars etc are an attraction in the museum. Giant sized musical instruments like the tanpura and sarangis are also displayed in the museum. The Maharanis Palace includes the deadly Rajput scissor-action daggers which have a unique working action are a delight for visitors. There are wide varieties of early handguns, the ones that served as walking sticks, etc. One of them was the size of a small canon fired from a camels back, pistols attached with swords, matchlocks, double-barrel guns and percussion cap guns.Daggers with handles of crystal and ivory are priceless. Peak-kubz jambhiya, katars, chhuris, Rajput and Persian swords are also a great attraction. The shield of Sawai Pratap Singh and Raja Man Singhs sword, a big range of shields made from the skins of crocodile, rhino, and turtle skin is also on the display. UDAIPUR Venice of East..!! Udaipur formally known as the city of lakes and Venice of East is the lovely lakeside capital of Mewar. Udaipur was founded by Maharana Udai Singh II as the final capital of the erstwhile Mewar kingdom. The kingdom of Mewar was the most respectable of all Rajput princely states in Rajasthan. The warriors of Mewar are still remembered for their bravery courage. The numerous rivers crisscrossing the town gave Udaipur another name as the city of lakes. The beauty and remarkable past of Udaipur remain in the hearts of visitors for a long time. Udaipur is a beautiful city in the state of Rajasthan also referred to as the Kashmir of Rajasthan or the Venice of the East. Udaipur the Romantic City of India is one among the most romantic and most beautiful cities of the country. The lush hills of the Aravalis around the azure water lakes make this land beautiful. Udaipur city of Rajasthan state is a blended with fascinating sights, sounds and experiences drenched in romance and beauty. The land is inspired by the poets, painters and writers for the serene atmosphere. The flavor of heroic past carried by the temples, fairy-tale palaces, gardens, lakes and narrow lanes strewn with stalls is an epitome for the valor and gallantry of the city. The enchanting lakes, palaces and lively workspaces and culture attracting both the foreign and domestic visitors have made Udaipur a popular tourist destination in India. Udaipur is also a favourite marriage destination of many prominent people of the country. The Swaroop Sagar Lake, Fateh Sagar Lake and the Lake Pichhola are the three interconnected lakes of Udaipur. Major cities of the country including Delhi, Ahmedabad and Mumbai are easily accessible from Udaipur. GOA One of the most preferred holiday destinations of India is Goa. The place especially during the monsoon is a tropical paradise enchanting all the year round. Goa is one of the most visited destinations of the country. Fringed by coastal trees and lapped by Arabian Sea the Goa beaches are a delight and the perfect destination for a wonderful hangout. Goa is a picturesque blend of tremendous natural beauty and traditional and modern facets of Indian life. The windy palms, plush landscape, sun-kissed beaches, and the adjacent Arabian Sea tapping on shores make Goa a very lovely destination. The catholic churches and gothic synagogues make the architecture of Goa a reminiscent of the colonial era. Other prominent ones are the Church of St. Francis, the Church of St. Augustine, St. Anne Church, the Reis Magos Church, and the Mary Immaculate Conception etc. It exhibits one of the finest beaches in the world and especially for beach lovers Goa is an absolute delight. With the flea markets and Trance parties, Anjuna beach is the prominent one in Goa. The Chapora Fort located nearby Anjuna beach offers a magnificent view of the vast blue Sea. The Calangute beach of Goa being the most commercialized beach of the South Western part of India is one of the not to be missed beaches . These beaches are a favorite to the tourists for the eating spots and shops that are lined up here. Some other prominent shores of Goa are Vagator Beach, Candolim beach, Baga Beach, Bambolim Beach, etc. Every year this enchanting destination attracts plenty of tourists with its exotic beaches and energetic nightlife. The spice plantations are also a major attraction in Goa. MYSORE City of Palacesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦!! Mysore also called as the City of Palaces is a major tourist destination of south India. The place is prominent with palaces, temples, royal buildings, museums, gardens, waterfalls and amusement parks. Mysore the former capital of Karnataka played an important role in the South Indian history. Along with its drastic growth as a famous tourist destination the rich cultural and historical legacy of the city is well maintained. The magnificence of the city of Mysore made it a favorite destination for visitors all over India. Visitors from within as well as outside the country are greatly attracted to this splendid destination. The City of Mysore is known as the City Of Palaces for the number of glorious buildings built by the Royal families. Many of the traditional buildings are exquisite examples for the Dravidian architecture. There are number of other tourists attractions that one can visit in Mysore, apart from the Palaces and architectural splendor. The Chamundi hills temple on top of the hills is one of the popular spots in Mysore. It is a favorite destination for the locales and a prominent landmark of Mysore. The KRS dam and the adjacent Brindavan Gardens are worth visiting in Mysore. The Garden of Brindavan is unique. This garden is famous for its colorfully lit dancing fountains that come alive once the sun sets. Another destination worth visiting is the Mysore Zoo which is the oldest Zoo in the country.It was set up by Maharaja Chamaraja Wodeyar in the year 1892. At present equipped with the most modern facilities the zoo is a pioneer in breeding animals in captivity. With a relic of the 3rd century St. Philomena the Philomena Church is another famous monument of Mysore city. It is preserved in a catacomb in below the main altar. The high spires with a height of 175 feet are a well known feature o f this church. Set in lush green surroundings the three lakes in Mysore have become a haven for migratory birds. KASHMIR The paradise on Earthà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦!! The everlasting charm and splendor make Kashmir an amazingly beautiful destination of the country. Due to its natural beauty, tempting snow capped mountains, musical waterfalls, scenic lakes, lush green surroundings, verdant woods and many other places of tourist interests, the land is called the Paradise on Earth. Located at the northern most tip of the country Kashmir is one of the most sought after holiday destinations. The Great Himalayan Ranges and the Pir Panjal surrounds the magnificent land of Kashmir from the north and south respectively. The captivating natural splendor, blissful ambiance, sightseeing places, cultural diversity, humble locals, and the cool climatic conditions make the Beauty of Kashmir unique. The Kashmir valleys are crisscrossed by prominent rivers. These spectacular features enhance the beauty of Kashmir to give it a place close to Heaven on Earth. Kashmir is an ideal place for pilgrimage, adventure sports and trekking as well as leisure vacation. The natural heavenly beauty of Kashmir lures thousands and thousands of tourists from all over the world. The lakes of Kashmir dotted with houseboat facilities are the unique attraction of the region.A Cruise on the fabulous Houseboats in the lakes of Kashmir is an enchanting experience. The hills of Kashmir capped with snow exhibits very low temperature making it ideal for excursions. Some of the prominent locations of Kashmir are Bahu fort, Raghunath temple, Sonamarg, Mubarak Mandi Palace, Chadar Trek, Gulmarg and Peer Baba. KANYAKUMARI With the Arabian Sea in the west and the Bay of Bengal in the east Kanyakumari is a very unique destination of India in the state of Tamil Nadu. Kanyakumari or Cape comerin is located in the southernmost tip of the country, where the three seas get united. The beautiful sunrise and sunset of Kanyakumari made it a popular destination of India. A lot of tourists are attracted by the serene beauty of Kanyakumari. It is one of the rare destinations in the world where both sunrise and sunset can be observed from the same point. Murugan Kundram is atop a hill at Kanyakumari which gives a magnificent view of both sunrise and sunset throughout the year. The sunset is visible only from October 15 to March 15 in a year; whereas the sunrise can be viewed from this southernmost tip throughout the year. This spot offers a wonderful panoramic view of the entire Kanyakumari. On full moon days both the sunset and moonrise can be seen almost simultaneously from the same spot. This unique spectacle is witnessed at Kanyakumari. Two rocks In the midst of the sea known as twin rocks, with the monuments of swamy Vivekananda and Saint Thiruvalluvar contribute to the rich Indian heritage. The rich cultural heritage and the history of Kanyakumari date back to decades. Kanyakumari is the hub of civilization for centuries and is prominent for the culture, arts, economy, and history. Kanyakumari is one of the prominent pilgrimage destinations of South India due to the instances of many religions like Islam, Christianity, or Hinduism. The structures, arts and even in the cuisines of Kanyakumari reflects this mixed culture. KERALA BACKWATERS Gods own country!! Kerala blessed with a unique feature called the backwaters is the southernmost state of the country. The broad stretch of waterways is a lasting source of tourism as well as a livelihood for the state. The backwaters surrounded by the tall palms and coconut trees exhibits the rippling beauty of nature. Every year thousands of domestic and international tourists are drawn towards these enchanting backwaters. The green surroundings, vibrant people of the locale and small villages make the visitors feel elated. The major feature of Kerala backwaters are the houseboats which attracts plenty of tourists. Houseboats traditionally named as the ketuvalloms are actually large all-wood vessels with all facilities provided inside. Equipped with modern facilities house boats meets up to the world standards such as large hotel suites etc. We can watch the beauty of the backwaters right from a room inside the houseboats. Most of the rooms are well furnished, air-conditioned with no compromise in safety of inmates. They are assisted by a general manager, chefs or cooks.The traditional Kerala cuisines and special sea foods of Kerala are served deliciously in the houseboats. There are amenities like dining extravaganza, ayurveda massage and beauty treatments inside the houseboat. Alappuzha, Kuttanad, Thiruvallam, and Kollam are the prominent backwater regions of Kerala. The backwaters of Alappuzha witness the exciting snake boat races of Kerala which brings lots of visitors to this enchanting land. In these prestigious boat races the traditional boats of Kerala participate. DELHI Delhi the capital city of India also known as New Delhi is one of the main arrival point for overseas tourists. The Qutub Minar, Red Fort, Humayuns Tomb, Lotus Temple, Akshardham Temple and Jama Masjid are the main places of tourist attraction in Delhi. Delhi locally known as Dilli offers a large opportunity for a tremendous shopping of unique and diverse traditional products. Karol bagh, Connaught Place, Chandni Chowk, Sarojini nagar Market, Palika Bazzar, Gaffar market and Lajpat Nagar Market are the main markets of Delhi. Another not to miss destination is the Delhi Haats. The city is not only the capital of the country but is acclaimed for being the cultural capital of the country too. The spectacular architecture is depicted by the antique monuments of Delhi. The city witnesses the interesting blend of cultures, the mysterious eternity of the rise and fall of many great empires. There are seven cities in the contemporary Delhi which were built by different emperors in mean time. Some major tourist attractions are made from the ruins of this ancient city. The city of Delhi consists of two parts, one is the old part and the other is the new one. The Old Delhi is full of Mughal and British architectural structures, by-lanes and alleys whereas New Delhi contains several modern buildings and offices. The climatic conditions of Delhi are extreme. The summer can be very hot. Temperature often goes above 45 ° Celsius while it is chilly and foggy in the winter. The ideal time for sightseeing and adventures is from the month of October to March. AJANTHA ELLORA Ajanta and Ellora Caves are rock-cut cave monuments and are two different tourist destinations in Maharashtra. The Ajanta-Ellora Caves are located near the city of Aurangabad in the state of Maharashtra. They are declared as World Heritage Sites by UNESCO. Beautiful paintings and sculptures are featured in these caves. Situated just outside the village of Ajanta are the prominent Ajanta Caves, 107 km away from Aurangabad city. Dating back to the 2nd century BC, there are around 29 rock-cut cave monuments in this complex. The first group of these caves was built around 200 BC, while the second group was built in later 600 AD. Ajanta caves are nestled in the semi-arid Sahayadri Hills above the Waghur River and are prominent for the beautiful paintings and sculptures. It is built using only hammer and chisel. These caves are the secluded retreats for Buddhist monks to perform their rituals in the chaityas and viharas. The well preserved wall paintings of Boddhisattva, Padmapani and Avalokiteshvar are the prominent artworks in the caves. The archaeological site of the Ellora cave complex is located 30 km from the city of Aurangabad. These caves were built by the Rashtrakuta rulers between the 5th and 10th centuries. There are 34 caves in the cave complex that were hewn out of solid rocks of the Charanandri Hills. These are the monasteries for Buddhists as well as temples for Hindus and Jains. The Ellora complex comprises of 12 Buddhist, 17 Hindu and 5 Jain caves which symbolizes the religious harmony of that time. The Ajanta-Ellora Festival organised every year in Aurangabad is meant for paying tribute to the legendary caves of Ellora, Ajanta and other historical assets of the country. DARJEELING Queen of hillsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..!! Darjeeling is a prominent Himalayan city located in the state of West Bengal. It is well known for the charm and is considered to be one of the best hill stations in India. The surrounding areas of Darjeeling like Mirik, Jaldapara, Gangtok and Pelling are also prominent tourist destinations. This hidden paradise of North Bengal includes a joy ride in the world famous toy train which has been listed as UNESCO World Heritage site. Darjeeling is one of the most significant and organized hill resorts of India. It lies 686 kms from the plains of Kolkata perched at a height of 2134 meters with a backdrop of the mighty snow clad Peaks of Himalayas. The worlds highest peak and the third mightiest and highest mountainous snow peaks can be viewed clearly from this sight. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site prominent for the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway and the tea industry. Finest blend of tea can be tasted from this hill station. Darjeeling had now become the most desired holiday destination of the country with innumerable tourists who throng it. The Buddhist monasteries and the Hindu temples are the most visited destinations of Darjeeling. The Darjeeling Rangeet Valley Passenger Ropeway, Singalila Range Trek, the ultimate Toy Train trip in Darjeeling and much more provides an Adventure Tourism in Darjeeling. Along with tea, oranges and cardamom are also available in plenty in Darjeeling. Amazing products of Traditional arts and crafts of Tibet and Sikkim are available for shopping. Delicious cuisines of traditional Tibetan and Sikkimese style are available in the hill station along with the other Indian dishes. Summer and spring are the ideal seasons to visit Darjeeling. The hill station receives a moderate rain throughout the year. SHIMLA The Summer Refuge Shimla is the present capital of Himachal Pradesh and the former summer capital of British in India. The land of Shimla has been blessed with all the natural bounties making it an ideal tourist destination. It is surrounded by green hills with snow capped peaks with tremendous scenic beauty. The spectacular cool hills of Shimla are accompanied by the structures made during the colonial era which creates an aura different from other destinations.Shimla retains its colonial heritage with grand old buildings bulging at it seems with unprecedented expansion. The stately Viceregal Lodge, charming iron lamp posts and Anglo-Saxon names are few of the architectural splendors of Shimla. Shimla unfolds many parts that remain hidden to vehicles. Sankat Mochan and Tara Devi can be linked with a short train ride to Tara Devi station. The stroll and shopping on the Mall and in Lakkar Bazaar is inevitable for the tourists. The Lower Bazaar that runs parallel to the Mall at a lower level flavors a typical Indian market place. The wild flower hall, Mashobra, Naldehra, Tattapani, Fagu, Narkanda and Chail are some of the major sightseeing areas in Shimla. The best time to visit Shimla is during April to August or during December to January however it can be visited throughout the year and can enjoy the charm of each season. Shimla experiences cold and chilly winds from the upper Himalayas during winter. Shimla witnesses many winter sports and ice skating carnival during winter. UTTARANCHAL Uttaranchal is a north eastern state of the great Indian Territory with immense beauty and tranquility. The snowy mountain ranges, gusting rivers, natural serenity and lakes made the place more attractive. The western part of the Himalayan ranges provides a picturesque of snow capped hills in Uttaranchal. It is known as the land of God with many prominent temples and pilgrim centers. The green valley, lush forestry, rich flora and fauna add to its beauty. Uttaranchal is a common picnic spot with many adventurous sports like trekking, skiing, skating, wildlife safaris etc. The hill stations, Glaciers, wildlife, pilgrim centers and national parks are the major tourist destination of the state. The valley of flowers made the place more colorful with plenty of different species of flora. Musoorie, Khirsu, Pauri, Nainital, Kausani, Haridwar, Rishikesh and Auli are the most prominent hill stations of Uttaranchal. Experience the most mesmerizing beauty of nature from these prominent destinations of Uttaranchal. RAJASTHAN The state of Rajasthan is well known for its delightful tourist destinations. The imperial land of Rajasthan is known as the state of colors, forts, festivals and quaint nature. The state is located in the north western part of the nation with hilly terrain and Thar Desert. The pink city of India-Jaipur, the Golden city of India-Jaisalmer and the city of Lakes-Udaipur are the major significance of the state. Explore the grandeur of impregnable palaces and forts, astonishing lakes, golden deserts and exotic wildlife of Rajasthan. The unique culture, festivals, traditions and lifestyle of people made the place a mesmerizing tourist spot. The Rajasthan cuisines and sweets are very famous for its different style and taste. The attractive handicrafts of Rajasthan are famous for its beautiful hand embroidery. The desert festival is one of the popular festivals of Rajasthan which attracts lots of tourists from all around the world. KULLU MANALI Kullu And Manali are the most astounding hill stations of North India. These famous destinations are located at a distance of 40km from each other and at 570km and 521km respectively from the state capital of the country, Delhi. This fascinating destination has snow covered mountain ranges, rhythmic rivers, dense forest ranges, cascading waterfalls, valleys and many more. There are wide options for adventures activities like skiing, trekking, rafting etc at this astounding destination. Above all these panoramic view, there are also a number of temples and monuments at Kullu-Manali. The best time to visit Kullu Manali hill station situated at Himachal Pradesh is during the month of May, June, and September to November. This picnic spot is one of the most crowded one in India being the haven for adventure lovers, vacationers and honeymooners. Manali hill station is located at a height of 6398feet above sea level with intense cold climate. The temperature varies from 15 to 20 degree Celsius but it may even go below -5 during October to March. Rohtang Pass, Hidimba Temple, Maa Sharvari Temple, Solang Valley, Rahala Waterfalls, Rozy falls, Zana falls, Naggar, Monasteries, Manali Gompa are few of the major destinations at Kullu Manali. AMRITSAR Amritsar is a perfect tourist destination of India showcasing the compound traditions and secular culture of the nation. The city of Amritsar is also regarded as an important devout center for the presence of many enchanting temples. The glorious past, magnificent present and a hopeful future are well exhibited in the city of Amritsar. This fascinating land is titled as the jewel of Punjab for the prosperous depository of national heritage and religion. Amritsar is the largest and most important city of Punjab and is located 280 miles from Delhi. Amritsar is known for the prominent golden temple devoted to Sikh religion. The sacred tank surrounding the temple offers a lovely sight of the temple. The Durgiana temple situated earby is a partial replica of Golden temple dedicated to Goddess Durga. The Harike Wetland Lake is another prominent tourist destination of Amritsar which is declared as national wildlife sanctuary. The spot is formed on the point of confluence of the rivers Beas and Sutlej. Amritsar experiences a semi arid climate suitable for excursion on any time of the year. The Jallianwala bagh memorial commemorating the sacrifice of many lives is located near to Golden temple. Another prominent site is the Rambagh garden which is laid out in the pattern of Shalimar Bagh at Lahore. VARANASI Varanasi is an important Hindu pilgrim center of the country and is the oldest city of the world. Varanasi is the land of spiritualism, Indian philosophy, mysticism and Hinduism. These are well depicted in the prominent temples, numerous sects, Ashrams and Ghats. Along with Hinduism, other religions like Jainism and Buddhism is also practiced in this sacred land. The old Indian civilization is greatly reflected in Varanasi. The city is the home for many fairs and festivals all round the year in Varanasi which includes the prominent Bharat Milap, Kartik Purnima, Ganga Festival, Buddh Purnima, Ramlila, Panch Koshi Parikrama, Nakkatyya, Hanumat Jayanti and Mahashivratri. Varanasi is the city of Ghats associated with history dated back to centuries. Varanasi tourism reached its heights for both its historic and renowned pilgrimage significance. Varanasi also known as Banaras or Kashi has many prominent tourist destinations. The Ghats of Varanasi, Bharat Kala Museum, St. Marys church, Nan deshwar Kothi, Banaras Hindu university, Ram nagar Durg etc are few of the attractions. The pilgrimage spots of the city include Durga Temple, Bharat Mata Temple, Kashi Vishwanath Temple, and Tulsi Manas Temple. The adventure lovers can enjoy the beauty of nature and diversity of wildlife from the Chandra Prabha Wildlife Sanctuary and Kaimoor Wildlife Sanctuary.

Reasons for the Disintegration of Yugoslavia :: Yugoslavia Military Economy Economics Essays

Reasons for the Disintegration of Yugoslavia From its birth in 1918 to its death in the 1990’s, Yugoslavia has always been a whole. Yugoslavia was kept together by it’s diplomacy and their good reputation and achievements during the administration led by Tito. As a result of his death, neighbors that lived in peace for decades turned on each other, ethnic hatred was occuring and republics were declaring independence one after the other. The country was gradually falling apart. There were many reasons for the breakup of Yugoslavia but one of the most important one was realism which basically deals with politics. Realism played an important role because equal power was never distributed in Yugoslavia and there was a struggle of power. Tito’s liberalism recieved a large amount of criticism from the USSR, especially, Joseph Stalin. Stalin, responded by cutting all ties between Yugoslavia and the USSR. Because of this, Tito wasn’t obligated to follow Soviet policy, and because of that Yugoslavia was no longer being funded by the USSR. This lack of financial support posed a huge threat to Yugoslavia’s survival. It was only after Tito’s death in 1980, that the world began to realize his true significance. Tito had controlled Yugoslavia for 35 years. During that time, his prestige and remarkable diplomacy held the country together. The Yugoslav Army played a disastrous role not only as an enforcer of political decisions but as an independent. In Tito’s time, the army had only a subordinate role. In those days, the Communist Party and the army were the glue that held the country together. When the Communist Party separated, the army remained the sole power that guaranteed the union. After the secessions, it became an army without a country. With Tito’s death in 1980 and the death of the Communist party in 1990, the national army was cut adrift with an idea with noone to control it. They eventually made themselves powerless. The most significant reason for the disintegration was the reintroduction of nationalism. Because Yugoslavia was created after self-determination the Serbs saw an opportunity to create a new slavic nation. Serbs saw in the idea of Yugoslavia the opportunity to have all Serbs living in a single state, and in addition, gathering around them the other nationalities in such a way that Serbs would play the dominant role.

Military Police Corps :: U.S. Army

The Military Police Corps has a long and glorious history to be proud of. Listed on U.S. Army Info (2011), Military Police Corps was officially recognized as a military occupation on the 26th of September 1941, but their work can traced back even further. According to U.S. Army Info (2011), the first use of the Military Police was during the American Revolution in 1776. Military Police have been deployed and used in conflicts such as: "World War 11, Korean War, Vietnam conflict, Desert Storm, and Iraqi Freedom" (Wright, 2001). Today, Military Police have a variety of different tasks they are expected to perform, much more than just arresting criminals. "Military Police Corps officers lead units in performing five major functions associated with the branch-area security, maneuver and mobility support, police intelligence operations, internment and resettlement, and law and order," according to U.S. Army Info (2011). They are also charged with protecting troops and watching equipment overseas and at home stations across the United States (About, 2011). MP's are sent to Fort Leonard Wood to receive the training they are required to have, there they learn certain skills that are crucial to their occupation (U.S. Army Info, 2011). Several of the skills they learn while at Fort Leonard Wood are: "basic warrior skills, military and civil jurisdiction, use of firearms and arrest and restraint of suspects," as stated in GoArmy (2011). Each individual has to already have certain skills to be successful as a MP, such as: "being physically fit, ability to interact well with people and ability to remain calm in stressful situations," according to GoArmy (2011). Educational requirements are slim to none, the Army looks to enlist anyone who has a high school diploma or GED. If you have a bachelor's degree in any major, you can apply for an officer spot. Salary ranges are varied because it depends if your an enlisted soldier or an officer, how many years of service you have under your belt and if you receive hazard pay or separation pay or any other kind of pay benefits (GoArmy, 2011). Selection process for a MP is long and rigorous procedure. First, an individual has to qualify through MEPS to get into the military and pass all basic medical test, background checks and drug tests. Second, the individual has to complete basic training to even make it to their Advance Individual Training. After basic training is completed they are sent off to Advance Individual Training, where they are pushed through one last test, if they complete AIT, then you will be a certified Military Police soldier.

Lady Macbeth Chracter Sketch Essay

Still in her sleep, Lady Macbeth asks, â€Å"what, will these hands ne’re be clean? † foreseeing that she will never have peace of mind. She also tells events of the day Duncan was murdered. The doctor tells the gentlewoman that what Lady Macbeth needs is spiritual and not physical help. Lady Macbeth’s condition worsens, and she goes in and out of sleep with crazy visions. Macbeth asks the doctor to cure her or give her a drug that will erase the troubles of the heart. The doctor responds that he cures physical not mental problems. Later, as the battle is going on outside of Dunsinane, Lady Macbeth commits suicide. At the beginning Lady Macbeth finds strength to entice Macbeth to murder Duncan and to follow through with the murder herself. As time goes on, her pretended strength fais as she fights her conscience. Tending to her conscience consumes and enables her to support Macbeth against Malcolm. Lady Macbeth’s attempts to put down her conscience fails. At the end she chooses death because she can no longer bear the her guilt.